United Kingdom, as an education destination has a rather long and illustrious
history in India. Over the period, some of india's most famous and important
personalities have studied in the UK. For example india's prime minister, Dr.
Manmohan Singh and several of his predecessors studied in UK. The traditioin
does continue, however you need not be an industry scion or from a political
bent to be able achieve this today.
On introspecting as to why students
have over the years chosen to study in UK we come across a long list of reasons.
Primarily, the UK education system has been the foundation for the Indian
education system. Therefore we have similar duration Bachelor's Degree of 3 or 4
years depending on the field the top 200 of the university ranking in 2009. The
British Government has a strict quality control to ensure world class education
standards are met, thus resulting in an internationally acclaimed
degree.
One should prepare in advance and apply as early as possible to
be eligible for admission to competitive programs in UK top institutions before
they are full up. Popular fields of study are International Business, MBA,
Engineering, Information Technology, Forensic Science, Fashion, Media,
Communication, Tourism, Hospitality, Music etc.
Students also opt for
studying in UK because they are permitted to work for upto 20 hours part time
per week off campus. They thus can earn about 5 pounds to 7 pounds per hour
which helps in reducing their cost of study and giving them some valuable
experience. Further students can work full time during vacations. Recently the
British Government has streamlined the visa process to make it simple for
international students to understand. The new point based system requires for
students to get a Certification of Acceptance to be issued by a licensed sponsor
in the prescribed format. The studen needs to get a total of 40 points to be
eligible to get a visa and needs to have sufficient funds in saving bank account
for 28 days prior to visa application.
Showing posts with label replica chanel j12. Show all posts
Showing posts with label replica chanel j12. Show all posts
Wednesday, February 15, 2012
Energy Tips To Keep You From Maxing Your Household Budget_53618
Everyone can use some new tips on how to prevent from maxing your household
budget. This involves a variety of different factors.
One of the more obvious tips is to turn out the lights when you are not in a room. That alone can save you at least a few dollars a month. Less-obvious ways to reduce cost of energy include the following:
Convert to renewable energy. Three time-tested natural sources of energy are sunlight, wind, and water. They are usually combined with solar panels, windmills, or generator. Cars have even been converted to other types of renewal fuel, such as wood or plant products.?br />
Invest in more durable items. Sometimes the up-front cost of purchasing longer-lasting appliances, furniture, and other household items can be more than you want to pay. However, this short-term investment has long-term benefits. One of those is items that are well-made also are usually more energy efficient.
Heat and cool your house naturally. This can be achieved by pulling the shades during the day and pulling them up at least part way at night. (If you value your privacy blinds are useful for this purpose. ��?
Insulate your home. This will reduce the cost of heating and cooling. Along with that, make sure you close all doors while the home heater or air conditioner is on.
Wash full loads of clothes and dishes. When possible, do not run the dishwasher just for a few items. If you want to clean a stray dish a soap dispenser with a scrub brush attached is perfect for this purpose.
Hang clothes on the line instead of drying them. This will dramatically cut down on the energy used, as you will not be running the dryer nearly is often. Additional Tip: Clothes dry fastest on a hot, dry, sunny day.
Shut down your computer, television, car, and miscellaneous devices. Any computer or electronic item will use up the most energy, so it is important to shut it down at night or during other times when you are not using them.?br />
Use compact florescent light bulbs. You usually get more usage for these for the price, as they last quite a bit longer than traditional bulbs.
Use power strips, and surge protectors. Any large device that you have such as a DVD player, television, or computer should be plugged into a box such as this.
If you are not sure what they are contact your local computer store. They will point you in the right direction. In a nutshell, power strips usually have outlets for plugging in electrical devices of all kinds (heavy-duty and light-duty). This power supply is then plugged into the wall. Using these devices can cut your bill as much as 30%.
Set your water heater at a lower temperature. This will lower the cost of heating your water for shower, dishes, household cleaning, car washing, and other home duties.
Instead of a long shower, take a bath (or a short shower). If you absolutely cannot be content with taking a five-minute or ten-minute�shower�then you should consider taking a bath instead. It will save you�money. However, if you take a shorter shower it would use less water than filling your tub with bath water.
More energy saving tips can be found on local and�national government websites. You can also call energy savings hotlines for further advice.
Additionally, non-profit environmental groups have educational resource regarding various aspects of energy-saving and conservation. This information would ensure you a better quality of life.
One of the more obvious tips is to turn out the lights when you are not in a room. That alone can save you at least a few dollars a month. Less-obvious ways to reduce cost of energy include the following:
Convert to renewable energy. Three time-tested natural sources of energy are sunlight, wind, and water. They are usually combined with solar panels, windmills, or generator. Cars have even been converted to other types of renewal fuel, such as wood or plant products.?br />
Invest in more durable items. Sometimes the up-front cost of purchasing longer-lasting appliances, furniture, and other household items can be more than you want to pay. However, this short-term investment has long-term benefits. One of those is items that are well-made also are usually more energy efficient.
Heat and cool your house naturally. This can be achieved by pulling the shades during the day and pulling them up at least part way at night. (If you value your privacy blinds are useful for this purpose. ��?
Insulate your home. This will reduce the cost of heating and cooling. Along with that, make sure you close all doors while the home heater or air conditioner is on.
Wash full loads of clothes and dishes. When possible, do not run the dishwasher just for a few items. If you want to clean a stray dish a soap dispenser with a scrub brush attached is perfect for this purpose.
Hang clothes on the line instead of drying them. This will dramatically cut down on the energy used, as you will not be running the dryer nearly is often. Additional Tip: Clothes dry fastest on a hot, dry, sunny day.
Shut down your computer, television, car, and miscellaneous devices. Any computer or electronic item will use up the most energy, so it is important to shut it down at night or during other times when you are not using them.?br />
Use compact florescent light bulbs. You usually get more usage for these for the price, as they last quite a bit longer than traditional bulbs.
Use power strips, and surge protectors. Any large device that you have such as a DVD player, television, or computer should be plugged into a box such as this.
If you are not sure what they are contact your local computer store. They will point you in the right direction. In a nutshell, power strips usually have outlets for plugging in electrical devices of all kinds (heavy-duty and light-duty). This power supply is then plugged into the wall. Using these devices can cut your bill as much as 30%.
Set your water heater at a lower temperature. This will lower the cost of heating your water for shower, dishes, household cleaning, car washing, and other home duties.
Instead of a long shower, take a bath (or a short shower). If you absolutely cannot be content with taking a five-minute or ten-minute�shower�then you should consider taking a bath instead. It will save you�money. However, if you take a shorter shower it would use less water than filling your tub with bath water.
More energy saving tips can be found on local and�national government websites. You can also call energy savings hotlines for further advice.
Additionally, non-profit environmental groups have educational resource regarding various aspects of energy-saving and conservation. This information would ensure you a better quality of life.
Eliminate Your Unsecured Debt - Decrease Your Credit Card Balance Sum_44151
A lot of people in the United States are facing credit card problems. They have
spent large sums on credit and then have failed to clear their accounts. Thus if
you have a large bill and paying it is not possible then you can look for
settlement organizations to eliminate your unsecured debt. People are normally
careless about paying the banks and thus the bills start to pile up. In the
recession conditions, credit card problems have a very different nature. If you
have a credit card bill then you can hire a relief firm to eliminate your
unsecured debt.
The credit rating problems
When you are using settlement options to eliminate your unsecured debt, you are losing your credit rating with the bank. A bank provides a rating to every customer. These ratings are based on the relationship that the customers have been sharing with the bank. If a customer does not have a good record then he will not be able to get high reductions. Money granting companies have given a lot of cash in the form of credit cards. The people have spent this cash due t heavy card usage.
When the payment dates arrived, money granting firms have faced problems as the customers have not made payments. Thus the cash which was given by these companies was blocked. All the operations which had to be conducted came to a stop. Some of them even had to close down as no cash was available to provide services. The United States government had an idea that the closing down of financial companies was a huge damage. The only way that the money inflow could be resumed was that banks clients resumed their payments.
There is no alternative available of the bank clients paying the full amounts. They are not in a position to pay the full amount due to high unemployment rate. Hence a reduction is required. The customers are provided an option to eliminate their unsecured debt so that they can clear their accounts. The reduction rate is a debatable factor. Money granting firms have the opinion that they should be able to get the highest possible elimination percentage. They need to extract as much money as possible. You should have a look at online public opinions to eliminate your unsecured debt in a better manner.
Professional organizations have a very different approach when it comes to providing settlement services. They generate a free opinion for all the customers. It is better if a loan taker can get a complete idea of liability reduction before he hires an organization. To eliminate your unsecured debt, you must research on all possible options. Do not take a decision after looking at one or two organizations.
Getting out of debt through a debt settlement process is currently very popular but you need to know where to locate the best performing programs in order to get the best deals. To compare debt settlement companies it would be wise to visit a free debt relief network which will locate the best performing companies in your area for free.
Free Debt Advice
The credit rating problems
When you are using settlement options to eliminate your unsecured debt, you are losing your credit rating with the bank. A bank provides a rating to every customer. These ratings are based on the relationship that the customers have been sharing with the bank. If a customer does not have a good record then he will not be able to get high reductions. Money granting companies have given a lot of cash in the form of credit cards. The people have spent this cash due t heavy card usage.
When the payment dates arrived, money granting firms have faced problems as the customers have not made payments. Thus the cash which was given by these companies was blocked. All the operations which had to be conducted came to a stop. Some of them even had to close down as no cash was available to provide services. The United States government had an idea that the closing down of financial companies was a huge damage. The only way that the money inflow could be resumed was that banks clients resumed their payments.
There is no alternative available of the bank clients paying the full amounts. They are not in a position to pay the full amount due to high unemployment rate. Hence a reduction is required. The customers are provided an option to eliminate their unsecured debt so that they can clear their accounts. The reduction rate is a debatable factor. Money granting firms have the opinion that they should be able to get the highest possible elimination percentage. They need to extract as much money as possible. You should have a look at online public opinions to eliminate your unsecured debt in a better manner.
Professional organizations have a very different approach when it comes to providing settlement services. They generate a free opinion for all the customers. It is better if a loan taker can get a complete idea of liability reduction before he hires an organization. To eliminate your unsecured debt, you must research on all possible options. Do not take a decision after looking at one or two organizations.
Getting out of debt through a debt settlement process is currently very popular but you need to know where to locate the best performing programs in order to get the best deals. To compare debt settlement companies it would be wise to visit a free debt relief network which will locate the best performing companies in your area for free.
Free Debt Advice
Monday, February 13, 2012
Consulting With A Professional To Learn More Of Laws_34873
Consulting with a Professional to Learn More of Laws About Employee
Relocation
The scope of laws about employee relocation is as wide as the scope of subjects that are involved in any move. Most of these laws are aimed at immigration, but also figure heavily in the realm of taxation, as some of the costs of relocation are exempt from taxation in some countries. Many of these laws are convoluted enough to require the help of a professional, and that's where relocation professional.
First and foremost among the laws about employee relocation are immigration laws and regulations. The constantly changing rule that govern just who is eligible for work and travel visas. These tend to differer by what job one does when he or she arrives, as well as the country of origin. Often the company doing the hiring needs to prove that there are no qualified applicants available domestically.
Other laws about employee relocation pertain to real estate and just what sort of taxes you'll be responsible for when you move out. A cunning real-estate agent, working in tandem with a relocation specialist, can save a prospective relocating employee many thousands of dollars. When relocation experts take the exams that certify them, there are quite a few questions pertaining to the tax code. As such, if the relocation professional isn't actually an attorney, there is a very good chance they keep one nearby and are well aware of when they should refer you.
Among the less well noted (though no less important) laws about employee relocation, are the very complicated child and family statutes that can, quite suddenly, apply to those who move to the US from other countries. There may be restrictions on the public services that your spouse and children are allowed to use, necessitating some more expensive options, such as a private school.
Even those moving from state to state in the US are subject to laws about employee relocation that are concerned with child support and wage garnishing. A good relocation company will be able to take care of or arrange for much of the legal requirements to alert the proper authorities to your current whereabouts.
Among the laws about employee relocation that are perhaps the easiest to fathom are those that pertain to the extent a background check can profile a prospective, relocated employee. While it is certainly prudent for a company to investigate new hires, just like in a job, there are questions that simply cannot be directly asked such as sexual orientation and other personal issues.
Your relocation specialist is likely to have a whole staff of specialists, including lawyers, ready to assist you with any aspect of relocation that comes up.
The scope of laws about employee relocation is as wide as the scope of subjects that are involved in any move. Most of these laws are aimed at immigration, but also figure heavily in the realm of taxation, as some of the costs of relocation are exempt from taxation in some countries. Many of these laws are convoluted enough to require the help of a professional, and that's where relocation professional.
First and foremost among the laws about employee relocation are immigration laws and regulations. The constantly changing rule that govern just who is eligible for work and travel visas. These tend to differer by what job one does when he or she arrives, as well as the country of origin. Often the company doing the hiring needs to prove that there are no qualified applicants available domestically.
Other laws about employee relocation pertain to real estate and just what sort of taxes you'll be responsible for when you move out. A cunning real-estate agent, working in tandem with a relocation specialist, can save a prospective relocating employee many thousands of dollars. When relocation experts take the exams that certify them, there are quite a few questions pertaining to the tax code. As such, if the relocation professional isn't actually an attorney, there is a very good chance they keep one nearby and are well aware of when they should refer you.
Among the less well noted (though no less important) laws about employee relocation, are the very complicated child and family statutes that can, quite suddenly, apply to those who move to the US from other countries. There may be restrictions on the public services that your spouse and children are allowed to use, necessitating some more expensive options, such as a private school.
Even those moving from state to state in the US are subject to laws about employee relocation that are concerned with child support and wage garnishing. A good relocation company will be able to take care of or arrange for much of the legal requirements to alert the proper authorities to your current whereabouts.
Among the laws about employee relocation that are perhaps the easiest to fathom are those that pertain to the extent a background check can profile a prospective, relocated employee. While it is certainly prudent for a company to investigate new hires, just like in a job, there are questions that simply cannot be directly asked such as sexual orientation and other personal issues.
Your relocation specialist is likely to have a whole staff of specialists, including lawyers, ready to assist you with any aspect of relocation that comes up.
Saturday, February 11, 2012
Cash Advance Qualifications - Essentials To Be Aware Of_58562
If you are thinking of applying for an online cash advance payment
you may be wondering what the cash advance qualification are? If so, the answer
is simple:
- you need to have access to the internet;
- you need to be over 18;
- you need to have a job; and
- you need to have a valid current bank account.
Surprisingly, that is all you need. You do not need to have a good credit history. You do not need to have any references. You don抰 even need to provide any security.
Cash advance applications need to be made via the internet,chanel flap bag, so that抯 why you need access to the internet. You need to be over 18 because that抯 the legal requirement. You need to have a job because the cash advance lender will ask you to provide a copy of your last pay-slip when you make your online application. You need to have a valid bank account because that is how the lender will make you repay the cash advance loan,hermes birkin bags, directly from your bank account. This bank account can also be used to deposit the money you borrow. You can, however,replica hermes handbags, ask the lender to pay the money to you via check or to another bank account.
In fact,best replica rolex, with minimal easy to qualify qualifications and a straightforward online cash advance application form, it is not surprising to learn that online cash advance services are the big boom they are. However, they also offer an ideal service if you need to borrow money quickly with minimal fuss.
- you need to have access to the internet;
- you need to be over 18;
- you need to have a job; and
- you need to have a valid current bank account.
Surprisingly, that is all you need. You do not need to have a good credit history. You do not need to have any references. You don抰 even need to provide any security.
Cash advance applications need to be made via the internet,chanel flap bag, so that抯 why you need access to the internet. You need to be over 18 because that抯 the legal requirement. You need to have a job because the cash advance lender will ask you to provide a copy of your last pay-slip when you make your online application. You need to have a valid bank account because that is how the lender will make you repay the cash advance loan,hermes birkin bags, directly from your bank account. This bank account can also be used to deposit the money you borrow. You can, however,replica hermes handbags, ask the lender to pay the money to you via check or to another bank account.
In fact,best replica rolex, with minimal easy to qualify qualifications and a straightforward online cash advance application form, it is not surprising to learn that online cash advance services are the big boom they are. However, they also offer an ideal service if you need to borrow money quickly with minimal fuss.
Friday, February 10, 2012
You Can Get The Facts - Removing A Bankruptcy From Credit Report_54688
Has a Bankruptcy recently happened to you. It can be a devastating thing to go
through and it can seem like you will never recover from it. After you have a
bankruptcy a lot of creditors will see this on your credit report and they will
deny you credit because of it. It is a good idea to get all information that is
on your credit report verified to make sure it is accurate. Nothing can hurt you
worse than an inaccurate credit report.
People will tell you that it is impossible to remove negative items form your report and that you will just have to live with it. The truth is that the credit agencies are responsible for verifying that the information that is reported on you is accurate. You have the right to dispute any item that you feel is not accurate on your credit report. The person who reported it then will have a 30 day period to prove it is accurate. If the time period passes and the Credit Agency has heard nothing then the negative item must be removed by law.
The best reason for filing a Bankruptcy is to get a new start with your credit but it can also cause you some issue when it comes to purchasing a new vehicle, house, etc. It is important that you constantly check your report for errors and always report any thing that should not be on your report.
Just remember that it can be tough going through a Bankruptcy but it you are persistent then you can get items removed from your credit report.
People will tell you that it is impossible to remove negative items form your report and that you will just have to live with it. The truth is that the credit agencies are responsible for verifying that the information that is reported on you is accurate. You have the right to dispute any item that you feel is not accurate on your credit report. The person who reported it then will have a 30 day period to prove it is accurate. If the time period passes and the Credit Agency has heard nothing then the negative item must be removed by law.
The best reason for filing a Bankruptcy is to get a new start with your credit but it can also cause you some issue when it comes to purchasing a new vehicle, house, etc. It is important that you constantly check your report for errors and always report any thing that should not be on your report.
Just remember that it can be tough going through a Bankruptcy but it you are persistent then you can get items removed from your credit report.
Work At Home Typing Jobs - Do Not Sell Yourself Short_42910
Working at home is the dream of every person, but unfortunately it is
only a dream for many of them. But if you're an aspiring writer looking for Free
Work At Home Jobs Typing,J12,
you're lucky. On the web there are now a great demand for writers. If you're an
excellent writer, then you already meet the criteria, what are you waiting
for?
There are many ways online. Webmasters are also the demands of the writers for their articles,imitation rolex watches, authors of books they want their novelsedited or written for them, sites like writers to frequently update their blogs,hermes birkin bags, online stores to review their products,coach purse, etc. The potential for a great online business is written endlessly, you have to know where to look.
If you do not know where to start from a simple listing advertise your skills to potential clients on Craigslist, you can set a new world and begin your journey to a successful business At Home Typing Job. To increase success, to respondCraigslist ads for other customers. Craigslist is not the only site of online advertising where you can acquire new customers. constantcontent.com triond.com and two other major websites. On both you can submit articles, and to determine the selling price.
A final word of advice, do not sell yourself short if you know the value. If you have a reasonable price you charge your customers for your work, you stick with it. Now go and start working at homeWork.
There are many ways online. Webmasters are also the demands of the writers for their articles,imitation rolex watches, authors of books they want their novelsedited or written for them, sites like writers to frequently update their blogs,hermes birkin bags, online stores to review their products,coach purse, etc. The potential for a great online business is written endlessly, you have to know where to look.
If you do not know where to start from a simple listing advertise your skills to potential clients on Craigslist, you can set a new world and begin your journey to a successful business At Home Typing Job. To increase success, to respondCraigslist ads for other customers. Craigslist is not the only site of online advertising where you can acquire new customers. constantcontent.com triond.com and two other major websites. On both you can submit articles, and to determine the selling price.
A final word of advice, do not sell yourself short if you know the value. If you have a reasonable price you charge your customers for your work, you stick with it. Now go and start working at homeWork.
Tuesday, February 7, 2012
A smile is a curve that sets everything straight.
Life is a Book of Riddles, with the Real Lessons Writ Small in its Margins.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
Today, I Dance Lightly With Life.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
Play with life, laugh with life,
dance lightly with life, and smile at the riddles of life,
knowing that life’s only true lessons are writ small in the margin.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
dance lightly with life, and smile at the riddles of life,
knowing that life’s only true lessons are writ small in the margin.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
Say NO to the demands of the world.
Say YES to the longings of your own heart.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
Say YES to the longings of your own heart.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
Our Joy comes from living our own lives simply and gratefully -
never from making any demands whatsoever upon others.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
never from making any demands whatsoever upon others.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
Beware the Rattlesnake of the Mind.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
Life is like a ten speed bicycle. Most of us have gears we never use.
- Charles M. Schulz
- Charles M. Schulz
Life is like a sewer... what you get out of it depends on what you put into it.
- Tom Lehrer
- Tom Lehrer
A smile is a curve that sets everything straight.
- Phyllis Diller
- Phyllis Diller
Never put off till tomorrow what you can do the day after tomorrow.
- Mark Twain
- Mark Twain
Life is like an onion: you peel it off one layer at a time, and sometimes you weep.
- Carl Sandburg
- Carl Sandburg
The man who can smile when things go wrong
has thought of someone else he can blame it on.
- Robert Bloch
has thought of someone else he can blame it on.
- Robert Bloch
Life is NOT "Supposed to be Fair."
Know that there is no single way that life is "supposed" to be.
Demanding that life meet our expectations is a sure fire recipe for a miserable existence.
Life is a game with no rules.
Life just happens to us regardless of our best intentions.
Our only path to happiness lies in being open
to receiving whatever life throws at us - with Gratitude.
Have NO Expectations of life.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
Know that there is no single way that life is "supposed" to be.
Demanding that life meet our expectations is a sure fire recipe for a miserable existence.
Life is a game with no rules.
Life just happens to us regardless of our best intentions.
Our only path to happiness lies in being open
to receiving whatever life throws at us - with Gratitude.
Have NO Expectations of life.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
Life is now.
You are never too old to set another goal or to dream a new dream.
- C. S. Lewis
- C. S. Lewis
Life is a sum of all your choices.
- Albert Camus
- Albert Camus
May you live all the days of your life.
- Jonathan Swift
- Jonathan Swift
The purpose of our lives is to be happy.
- Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama
- Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama
Life is now.
There was never a time when your life was not now, nor will there ever be.
- Eckhart Tolle
There was never a time when your life was not now, nor will there ever be.
- Eckhart Tolle
Loving is the most unmitigated and courageous act I perform in a day.
- Mary Anne Radmacher
- Mary Anne Radmacher
The opposite of love is not hate, it's indifference.
- Elie Wiesel
- Elie Wiesel
Whoever is happy will make others happy too.
- Anne Frank
- Anne Frank
As we light a path for others, we naturally light our own way.
- Mary Anne Radmacher
- Mary Anne Radmacher
Love your enemies.
- Jesus (Matthew 5:44)
- Jesus (Matthew 5:44)
Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.
- Confucius
- Confucius
Your love is more powerful than your words or your actions.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
Love them as they are, and forgive them everything.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
Thursday, February 2, 2012
Very Essential Conditions To A Super Sharp Memory_49339
Do you constantly misplace significant things such as your car keys?
Do you often forget important dates like birthdays and anniversaries, thereby negatively affecting your relationships with loved ones?
If so, don抰 panic.
Many people are experiencing memory problems, regardless of age, sex, or stature. So don抰 think only aging people can experience forgetfulness, because everyone can encounter memory loss from time to time.
If you want to have a sharper memory, you will find these conditions indispensable:
1) You must be able to focus well and be attentive. If you get distracted easily by things around you, then it will take you longer to memorize and remember things. Try to find a quiet room and concentrate on what you are reading, learning, or observing.
2) You must be interested in what you want to remember or memorize. Let抯 say you love to study Psychology more than any other subjects in the world.
Do you think you would remember your lessons in Psychology more than your studies in Math, Literature, and other subjects?
You bet. By becoming more interested in the subject matter, you are also giving more attention to it; thereby this increases your chances of retrieving it from your memory anytime you wish.
3) You must have the imagination of a child. Be creative. Many memory techniques require the practitioner to think of the most outrageous and exaggerated images/pictures in order to remember certain facts or information.
The funnier and more out-of-this-world the images, the better chances you will retain data in your mind.
4) You must have a healthy lifestyle. Eat less fat and consume more foods rich in vitamins and minerals (especially beta-carotene), drink plenty of water, get enough sleep, engage in cardiovascular exercises, relax and be happy always.
By doing these, your mind will benefit as much as your body.
Do you often forget important dates like birthdays and anniversaries, thereby negatively affecting your relationships with loved ones?
If so, don抰 panic.
Many people are experiencing memory problems, regardless of age, sex, or stature. So don抰 think only aging people can experience forgetfulness, because everyone can encounter memory loss from time to time.
If you want to have a sharper memory, you will find these conditions indispensable:
1) You must be able to focus well and be attentive. If you get distracted easily by things around you, then it will take you longer to memorize and remember things. Try to find a quiet room and concentrate on what you are reading, learning, or observing.
2) You must be interested in what you want to remember or memorize. Let抯 say you love to study Psychology more than any other subjects in the world.
Do you think you would remember your lessons in Psychology more than your studies in Math, Literature, and other subjects?
You bet. By becoming more interested in the subject matter, you are also giving more attention to it; thereby this increases your chances of retrieving it from your memory anytime you wish.
3) You must have the imagination of a child. Be creative. Many memory techniques require the practitioner to think of the most outrageous and exaggerated images/pictures in order to remember certain facts or information.
The funnier and more out-of-this-world the images, the better chances you will retain data in your mind.
4) You must have a healthy lifestyle. Eat less fat and consume more foods rich in vitamins and minerals (especially beta-carotene), drink plenty of water, get enough sleep, engage in cardiovascular exercises, relax and be happy always.
By doing these, your mind will benefit as much as your body.
Variety Of Indian Stories_44080
The art of narrating a story is a true indication of the creativity of a person.
Indian stories are full of drama and excitement. There are tales about animals,
about lost kingdoms, of demons and the traditional festivals. India is a land of
ceremonies where rituals in every religion form the intrinsic part of living.
The old grandma stories are very much transcending form generations to
generations and we cannot stop marveling how very they remain intact with their
moral values.
Indian dramas in the earlier days were performed with males dressing up as females. There was lot of melodrama and the story line was based on folk tales or Hindu mythology. The story of Ramayana is full of intrigue and several morals which kids love to know. The naughty acts of Krishna and yet the mystical judgment he poses on his devotees is loved by people of all ages. The Bhagwata has a complete interplay of emotions and many stories from there can be broken into short stories.
Reading Indian stories from a book is incomplete without adding a bit of drama and using a baritone or mimicking the animal cries. Kids love to relate to such happenings better and hence the story remains in their memory for a long time. Read aloud stories are also appreciated by children who never seem tired of flipping the pages just before bed time. There is valor and patriotism in the stories of Shivaji Maharaj and Rani Lakshmibai.
Freedom struggle of India is again interesting because they are based on pure facts. It is nice to know the sacrifices of individuals and there is more opportunity to learn about the achievements of our national heroes who made their mark to get India freed from rule of British monarchs. The life of Gandhiji or the poems of Tagore is found in leading bookstores that can be a cherished gift for a person who values Indian patriotic stories.
The story of Asoka, the mighty warrior king and his salvation is a heart warming story and talks about valor, aggression and surrender of a person to achieve happiness ultimately. The success story of legends is another inspirational subject. There are simple stories of animals and birds that possess human qualities and go on to depict a moral story. Many new age writers or story tellers also are churning out new stories with inclination towards science fiction, exploration and expeditions. Autobiographies are also a part of Indian stories and serve the interest of specific readers.
Indian dramas in the earlier days were performed with males dressing up as females. There was lot of melodrama and the story line was based on folk tales or Hindu mythology. The story of Ramayana is full of intrigue and several morals which kids love to know. The naughty acts of Krishna and yet the mystical judgment he poses on his devotees is loved by people of all ages. The Bhagwata has a complete interplay of emotions and many stories from there can be broken into short stories.
Reading Indian stories from a book is incomplete without adding a bit of drama and using a baritone or mimicking the animal cries. Kids love to relate to such happenings better and hence the story remains in their memory for a long time. Read aloud stories are also appreciated by children who never seem tired of flipping the pages just before bed time. There is valor and patriotism in the stories of Shivaji Maharaj and Rani Lakshmibai.
Freedom struggle of India is again interesting because they are based on pure facts. It is nice to know the sacrifices of individuals and there is more opportunity to learn about the achievements of our national heroes who made their mark to get India freed from rule of British monarchs. The life of Gandhiji or the poems of Tagore is found in leading bookstores that can be a cherished gift for a person who values Indian patriotic stories.
The story of Asoka, the mighty warrior king and his salvation is a heart warming story and talks about valor, aggression and surrender of a person to achieve happiness ultimately. The success story of legends is another inspirational subject. There are simple stories of animals and birds that possess human qualities and go on to depict a moral story. Many new age writers or story tellers also are churning out new stories with inclination towards science fiction, exploration and expeditions. Autobiographies are also a part of Indian stories and serve the interest of specific readers.
Uniforms Of The U.s. Coast Guard Part Ii_48810
Secretary Woodbury directed a board of revenue officers to design a distinctive uniform without epaulettes. Failing to dissuade them from these shoulder decorations, the secretary retaliated by changing the color to gray. This uniform was apparently unanimously disliked in the Revenue Service. Their argument was the same as that used in the Civil War Confederate Navy: whoever heard of a sailor in a gray uniform?
The description of the new uniform began with a dark gray cloth coat with the nine button lapels and four on the cuffs and pocket flaps, one on the hip and three on the skirts. A band of black braid was worn above the cuffs and the braid was also to be on the outer seam of either gray or white pants.
A black silk cravat and buff vest with nine buttons were worn, with a black belt for the sword. The undress uniform was single-breasted with a standing braided collar. The dress uniform had a more modern looking rolling collar. Rank was distinguished by epaulettes and a descending number of buttons. Third lieutenants also omitted the braid on the cuff. The regulations authorized a plain cocked hat.
Under these regulations, petty officers and seamen wore jackets with five buttons. Under this was a white frock with blue facings on the collar and on the breast with a blue star in each corner of the collar as well as on the breast. The men wore white or blue trousers, depending on the season, along with a blue belt. Considering the officer's uniform controversy, it is curious that the enlisted men were given blue jackets. The button prescribed was no longer the national eagle or shield. It was impressed with the shield of the Treasury Department, with its balance motif, on a fouled anchor.
Such was the unpopularity of this gray uniform that within two years it succumbed to its critics and blue returned. However,replica chanel j12, the black braid and other details remained.
The cocked hat however,rolex stainless steel, went from plain to ornate with gold tassels, four rows of gold bullion diagonally from top to bottom and a rosette on the left side. The two-piece sword belt clasp was to have the Treasury arms and anchor design in the center, surrounded by a burnished gold rim. For undress, a Navy regulation cloth cap was designated with two gold bands a half-inch wide. Two years subsequent to these regulations shoulder straps were authorized.
The next major uniform change would come in the Civil War years, although minor changes were introduced in the 1840s and 1850s. In 1843, regulations described the earliest known Revenue service sword. This was a straight sword with Roman hilt and spring guard with elaborate engraving on the blade. Decorated with the spread eagle,Men Rolex Datejust, the national shield, and a blue and gold bullion and silk sword knot, this was called the most handsome the service ever authorized. Prior to this regulation, swords were apparently either Navy type or left to the individual's preference.
In 1844, further means were sought to distinguish the revenue uniform from the Navy's. To accomplish this, the epaulettes, which were described as plain in the earlier regulations, were to be decorated with an anchor surmounting the Treasury shield. The same device was to be on the cap band. With typical service cost consciousness, the same die was to be used for both cap and epaulette devices, with the latter in silver and the cap ornament in gold. Captain Fraser, senior officer of the service at the time, wrote that if all the officers cooperated and had these fabricated at the same place, the cost could be kept down to $5 each.
New vessel technology resulted in additions to the uniform regulations in 1845. Three years earlier, the first steam vessels were authorized for the Revenue Service. The first to go in commission were the Spencer and Legare, in 1844. At first, steam-engineering personnel were appointed on a temporary basis. Later, they were commissioned as officers: chief engineers or assistant engineers. The higher rank wore the first lieutenants uniform without the epaulette or strap, but wore the Treasury arms embroidered on the collar in gold. The third lieutenant's uniform was to be the assistant engineer's dress with the collar embroidery in silver.
Changes in shoulder decorations came in 1853. Secretary James Guthrie ordered that lieutenants of all grades wear both epaulettes in their full dress uniforms. The shoulder strap was officially authorized at this time, although some unofficial straps may have appeared as early as 1838. Originally, the strap on the shoulder was simply a device to attach an epaulette. The number of epaulettes and their position showed rank, thus rank could still be determined by these straps, even when the epaulettes were not being worn.
In the Navy, narrow lace shoulder straps were authorized in 1830 and rank distinguishing devices were added to wider straps in 1840. In the Revenue Marine regulations of 1853, captains were designated by a fouled anchor, Treasury shield and a star above and below, plus the time honored bars at each end. Lieutenants lost one of the twin bars and second lieutenants lost stars as well. Third lieutenants wore a strap without devices on the field.
The straps themselves were of blue cloth with raised gold edgings. On the caps, the double gold bands were replaced by a single band of gold lace, one and one-half inches wide. In 1862, the major change was the elimination of the body coat (equivalent to today's cutaway coat). The officer's full dress was now a frock coat similar to the single-breasted undress coat, but double-breasted with the standard nine buttons per row. This uniform was, as far as a cut was concerned, identical to the standard undress Navy uniform of the Civil War era. In contrast to earlier uniforms, the Civil War uniforms were loose in cut, and, as evident in photos, more often than not showed a harvest of wrinkles. The dress and undress uniform coat was the same but epaulettes were designated for full dress and shoulder straps for undress wear. Two one-half inch gold lace stripes above each cuff identified a captain and lieutenants wore single stripes. The coats could be worn with single breasted buff, white, or blue vests, and either white or blue pants. White was authorized for warm climates.
While epaulettes were to be plain, both shoulder straps and cap ornaments designated rank. Oddly enough, the cap and strap ornaments did not necessarily match. The captain's wreath on his cap enclosed a Treasury shield but his shoulder straps had crossed anchors. The chief engineer's wreath enclosed a typical ship's paddle wheel motif and a star but on the strap there was a wheel with an anchor. All lieutenants had the shield and anchor on both cap and straps, but twin bars were authorized for first lieutenants, single bars for second lieutenants and no bars for third lieutenants. Assistant engineers had either a paddle wheel or omitted the wheel on both cap and straps. These regulations called for a navy regulation sword: a curved hilt weapon with typical oval hand guard. However, the earlier type, mentioned previously, remained in use. A straw hat with black band was allowed for summer wear.
Petty officers were authorized a double-breasted blue jacket with nine buttons on the lapels and blue pantaloons. All other enlisted men (seamen, firemen, coal passers, stewards, cooks and boys) wore white or blue frocks with opposite color facings. Blue or white trousers could be worn with blue cloth cap or a low crowned, wide-brimmed straw hat. The latter was common 19th century naval attire and usually was worn for summer or tropical duty.
New uniform regulations issued in 1864 mainly changed the rank designations. Now four one-half inch sleeve stripes marked the Revenue Marine captain. A space of one-half inch separated the upper stripe from the other three, which were separated by only the one-quarter inch.
Additionally, a small embroidered national shield was placed above the stripes on the sleeve. Cap and shoulder strap devices were again changed. Captains now had crossed anchors on both headgear and shoulders, as well as gold leaves at each end of the straps. Lieutenants now had a national shield, stripes and three stars, in place of the Treasury shield. The paddle wheel cap ornament for engineers remained, but twin bars were added to the straps for chief engineers, single bars for first assistants, and no bars for second assistants. Chief engineers had three sleeve stripes, assistants two and one for first and second engineers, respectively.
At this time there were few distinguishing features for revenue officer uniforms, compared to the Navy. Shoulder strap devices were gold rather than silver, engineers had a paddle wheel as opposed to a four leaf stylized ship's prop and Naval officers had no device above the cuff stripes, except for executive stars for line officers. Note also that both services abolished the cocked hat for full dress during the war.
After a couple of decades of general satisfaction with the uniform, 1871 brought another controversial set of regulations. These called for the reinstatement of the swallowtail coat, this time with seven buttons per lapel and four buttons on the cuffs. These buttons bore the treasury shield with U to the left and S to the right. The vest was also seven-buttoned and the blue or white pants had a black silk cord decorating the outside seam. The undress coat was a seven button double-breasted version of the popular civilian sack coat which was very similar to the modern suit coat.
However, the controversy over these new uniforms did not center on the cut or style, but on the ornaments and devices. Shoulder straps and lace were abandoned and the rolling collar was decorated with a horizontal foul anchor, with an oak leaf perpendicular to the anchor's shank and the letters U. S. R. M. in Old English forming an arc around the upper part of the leaf. Epaulettes displayed the fouled anchor with oak leaves which was patterned after the U. S. Naval lieutenant commanders device. The U.S.R.M. in Old English was also arched over a vertical anchor on the cap.
The lieutenant's uniform substituted bars on the collar for the oak leaf. Engineers wore an embroidered four-bladed propeller. These devices, particularly the Old English letters, were described as the poorest and ugliest ever authorized - and, due to their small size, nearly un-decipherable from a distance. Many officers simply refused to comply with the new regulations.
In two years the objectionable features were discarded officially and shoulder straps were restored. At this time the cap ornament was standardized for all officers. This was the spread eagle with shield grasping a fouled anchor and a semi-circle of thirteen stars. The basic elements of this emblem have remained unchanged ever since, with only the elimination of the stars and re-configuration of the eagle's wings.
New regulations were promulgated in 1878, reverting to the nine button double-breasted frock coat for undress use. The tail coat was retained for full dress.
The sack coat was authorized for off duty and watchstanding. This was single-breasted with five buttons and was worn without lace or shoulder straps. The cap no longer had gold braid around it but instead had a black band of silk between upper and lower welts. It was now the same diameter on top as on the base. The sword was no longer the Navy type but was double-edged, with dagger hilt and white grip, 26 to 29 inches long.
Epaulettes continued in the 1871 pattern. The center device on the shoulder straps for line officers was a foul anchor with a perpendicular shield. Captains had oak leaves at each end and lieutenants the familiar bars. The obsolete paddle wheel on engineer's straps was replaced by a four-bladed propeller and the number of bars at the ends denoted the ranks. Rank devices on sack coats were similar to the shoulder straps. They were sewn on the collars and consisted of oak leaves and bars, accompanied by a shield for all except engineers.
No major changes were introduced in the Revenue service uniform until 1891, when fashion again changed the look of military dress in general. New to the Revenue Service was the military tunic. This item had been introduced into the Navy in the 1870s and its type can still be seen at military academies. It is a tight-fitting, single-breasted coat with low-standing collar. The most distinctive characteristic is the fly-front, concealing the buttons. The Revenue Cutter Service version of this was dark blue with a trim of black mohair braid, one and one-quarter inch wide. Inside this was narrow silk braid edging. Grade designators were the same in number and width as the dress uniforms but in black braid. For summer, a white duck version was authorized, trimmed with linen braid. This was designated the service coat and was standard until around WWI. (Note that early in the 1890s, the service discarded the title Revenue Marine and Revenue Cutter Service became the official designation.)
Also in 1891 an optional full dress uniform for social occasions was authorized. This was cut away as was the full dress but with a rolling collar and five buttons worn with a low cut waistcoat, single-breasted with four revenue buttons. Worn without epaulettes or shoulder straps, this was similar to the formal tuxedo of civilian dress but with cuff braid and shield device on the sleeves.
The headgear of the 1891 regulations included a cocked hat of black beaver, with a cockade on the right side. For service and undress, a helmet was authorized. This was made of cork or other suitable material with a high crown and narrow brim. It was covered with light tan linen duck. This tropical helmet was similar to British colonial uniform headgear.
Petty officers were allowed a double-breasted coat with rolling collar. Cooks and stewards wore a single-breasted coat, but with rubber-like buttons rather than the revenue buttons of the double-breasted coat. Other enlisted personnel still retained the sailor suit of traditional design, complete with flat hat with its black ribbon hanging behind. The name of the wearer's vessel was in gilt around the front of the ribbon.
Rating badges were worn on the right coat sleeve. A boatswain wore crossed anchors; a gunner wore crossed gun barrels; a master-at-arms wore crossed keys over an anchor; a quartermaster wore crossed flags below a ship's wheel; a coxswain wore an arrow crossing an anchor; and an oiler wore a propeller.
In 1902, probably as the result of the service's cooperation with the navy during the Spanish American War, Revenue Cutter Service officers were given relative rank with naval officers. Three years later, new sleeve insignia were prescribed. Three stripes now indicated a captain: a narrow center stripe, with a half-inch wide stripe above and below. First lieutenants wore two-half inch stripes; second lieutenants, one stripe of half-inch braid below a quarter-inch stripe; and third lieutenants, one narrow stripe.
The description of the new uniform began with a dark gray cloth coat with the nine button lapels and four on the cuffs and pocket flaps, one on the hip and three on the skirts. A band of black braid was worn above the cuffs and the braid was also to be on the outer seam of either gray or white pants.
A black silk cravat and buff vest with nine buttons were worn, with a black belt for the sword. The undress uniform was single-breasted with a standing braided collar. The dress uniform had a more modern looking rolling collar. Rank was distinguished by epaulettes and a descending number of buttons. Third lieutenants also omitted the braid on the cuff. The regulations authorized a plain cocked hat.
Under these regulations, petty officers and seamen wore jackets with five buttons. Under this was a white frock with blue facings on the collar and on the breast with a blue star in each corner of the collar as well as on the breast. The men wore white or blue trousers, depending on the season, along with a blue belt. Considering the officer's uniform controversy, it is curious that the enlisted men were given blue jackets. The button prescribed was no longer the national eagle or shield. It was impressed with the shield of the Treasury Department, with its balance motif, on a fouled anchor.
Such was the unpopularity of this gray uniform that within two years it succumbed to its critics and blue returned. However,replica chanel j12, the black braid and other details remained.
The cocked hat however,rolex stainless steel, went from plain to ornate with gold tassels, four rows of gold bullion diagonally from top to bottom and a rosette on the left side. The two-piece sword belt clasp was to have the Treasury arms and anchor design in the center, surrounded by a burnished gold rim. For undress, a Navy regulation cloth cap was designated with two gold bands a half-inch wide. Two years subsequent to these regulations shoulder straps were authorized.
The next major uniform change would come in the Civil War years, although minor changes were introduced in the 1840s and 1850s. In 1843, regulations described the earliest known Revenue service sword. This was a straight sword with Roman hilt and spring guard with elaborate engraving on the blade. Decorated with the spread eagle,Men Rolex Datejust, the national shield, and a blue and gold bullion and silk sword knot, this was called the most handsome the service ever authorized. Prior to this regulation, swords were apparently either Navy type or left to the individual's preference.
In 1844, further means were sought to distinguish the revenue uniform from the Navy's. To accomplish this, the epaulettes, which were described as plain in the earlier regulations, were to be decorated with an anchor surmounting the Treasury shield. The same device was to be on the cap band. With typical service cost consciousness, the same die was to be used for both cap and epaulette devices, with the latter in silver and the cap ornament in gold. Captain Fraser, senior officer of the service at the time, wrote that if all the officers cooperated and had these fabricated at the same place, the cost could be kept down to $5 each.
New vessel technology resulted in additions to the uniform regulations in 1845. Three years earlier, the first steam vessels were authorized for the Revenue Service. The first to go in commission were the Spencer and Legare, in 1844. At first, steam-engineering personnel were appointed on a temporary basis. Later, they were commissioned as officers: chief engineers or assistant engineers. The higher rank wore the first lieutenants uniform without the epaulette or strap, but wore the Treasury arms embroidered on the collar in gold. The third lieutenant's uniform was to be the assistant engineer's dress with the collar embroidery in silver.
Changes in shoulder decorations came in 1853. Secretary James Guthrie ordered that lieutenants of all grades wear both epaulettes in their full dress uniforms. The shoulder strap was officially authorized at this time, although some unofficial straps may have appeared as early as 1838. Originally, the strap on the shoulder was simply a device to attach an epaulette. The number of epaulettes and their position showed rank, thus rank could still be determined by these straps, even when the epaulettes were not being worn.
In the Navy, narrow lace shoulder straps were authorized in 1830 and rank distinguishing devices were added to wider straps in 1840. In the Revenue Marine regulations of 1853, captains were designated by a fouled anchor, Treasury shield and a star above and below, plus the time honored bars at each end. Lieutenants lost one of the twin bars and second lieutenants lost stars as well. Third lieutenants wore a strap without devices on the field.
The straps themselves were of blue cloth with raised gold edgings. On the caps, the double gold bands were replaced by a single band of gold lace, one and one-half inches wide. In 1862, the major change was the elimination of the body coat (equivalent to today's cutaway coat). The officer's full dress was now a frock coat similar to the single-breasted undress coat, but double-breasted with the standard nine buttons per row. This uniform was, as far as a cut was concerned, identical to the standard undress Navy uniform of the Civil War era. In contrast to earlier uniforms, the Civil War uniforms were loose in cut, and, as evident in photos, more often than not showed a harvest of wrinkles. The dress and undress uniform coat was the same but epaulettes were designated for full dress and shoulder straps for undress wear. Two one-half inch gold lace stripes above each cuff identified a captain and lieutenants wore single stripes. The coats could be worn with single breasted buff, white, or blue vests, and either white or blue pants. White was authorized for warm climates.
While epaulettes were to be plain, both shoulder straps and cap ornaments designated rank. Oddly enough, the cap and strap ornaments did not necessarily match. The captain's wreath on his cap enclosed a Treasury shield but his shoulder straps had crossed anchors. The chief engineer's wreath enclosed a typical ship's paddle wheel motif and a star but on the strap there was a wheel with an anchor. All lieutenants had the shield and anchor on both cap and straps, but twin bars were authorized for first lieutenants, single bars for second lieutenants and no bars for third lieutenants. Assistant engineers had either a paddle wheel or omitted the wheel on both cap and straps. These regulations called for a navy regulation sword: a curved hilt weapon with typical oval hand guard. However, the earlier type, mentioned previously, remained in use. A straw hat with black band was allowed for summer wear.
Petty officers were authorized a double-breasted blue jacket with nine buttons on the lapels and blue pantaloons. All other enlisted men (seamen, firemen, coal passers, stewards, cooks and boys) wore white or blue frocks with opposite color facings. Blue or white trousers could be worn with blue cloth cap or a low crowned, wide-brimmed straw hat. The latter was common 19th century naval attire and usually was worn for summer or tropical duty.
New uniform regulations issued in 1864 mainly changed the rank designations. Now four one-half inch sleeve stripes marked the Revenue Marine captain. A space of one-half inch separated the upper stripe from the other three, which were separated by only the one-quarter inch.
Additionally, a small embroidered national shield was placed above the stripes on the sleeve. Cap and shoulder strap devices were again changed. Captains now had crossed anchors on both headgear and shoulders, as well as gold leaves at each end of the straps. Lieutenants now had a national shield, stripes and three stars, in place of the Treasury shield. The paddle wheel cap ornament for engineers remained, but twin bars were added to the straps for chief engineers, single bars for first assistants, and no bars for second assistants. Chief engineers had three sleeve stripes, assistants two and one for first and second engineers, respectively.
At this time there were few distinguishing features for revenue officer uniforms, compared to the Navy. Shoulder strap devices were gold rather than silver, engineers had a paddle wheel as opposed to a four leaf stylized ship's prop and Naval officers had no device above the cuff stripes, except for executive stars for line officers. Note also that both services abolished the cocked hat for full dress during the war.
After a couple of decades of general satisfaction with the uniform, 1871 brought another controversial set of regulations. These called for the reinstatement of the swallowtail coat, this time with seven buttons per lapel and four buttons on the cuffs. These buttons bore the treasury shield with U to the left and S to the right. The vest was also seven-buttoned and the blue or white pants had a black silk cord decorating the outside seam. The undress coat was a seven button double-breasted version of the popular civilian sack coat which was very similar to the modern suit coat.
However, the controversy over these new uniforms did not center on the cut or style, but on the ornaments and devices. Shoulder straps and lace were abandoned and the rolling collar was decorated with a horizontal foul anchor, with an oak leaf perpendicular to the anchor's shank and the letters U. S. R. M. in Old English forming an arc around the upper part of the leaf. Epaulettes displayed the fouled anchor with oak leaves which was patterned after the U. S. Naval lieutenant commanders device. The U.S.R.M. in Old English was also arched over a vertical anchor on the cap.
The lieutenant's uniform substituted bars on the collar for the oak leaf. Engineers wore an embroidered four-bladed propeller. These devices, particularly the Old English letters, were described as the poorest and ugliest ever authorized - and, due to their small size, nearly un-decipherable from a distance. Many officers simply refused to comply with the new regulations.
In two years the objectionable features were discarded officially and shoulder straps were restored. At this time the cap ornament was standardized for all officers. This was the spread eagle with shield grasping a fouled anchor and a semi-circle of thirteen stars. The basic elements of this emblem have remained unchanged ever since, with only the elimination of the stars and re-configuration of the eagle's wings.
New regulations were promulgated in 1878, reverting to the nine button double-breasted frock coat for undress use. The tail coat was retained for full dress.
The sack coat was authorized for off duty and watchstanding. This was single-breasted with five buttons and was worn without lace or shoulder straps. The cap no longer had gold braid around it but instead had a black band of silk between upper and lower welts. It was now the same diameter on top as on the base. The sword was no longer the Navy type but was double-edged, with dagger hilt and white grip, 26 to 29 inches long.
Epaulettes continued in the 1871 pattern. The center device on the shoulder straps for line officers was a foul anchor with a perpendicular shield. Captains had oak leaves at each end and lieutenants the familiar bars. The obsolete paddle wheel on engineer's straps was replaced by a four-bladed propeller and the number of bars at the ends denoted the ranks. Rank devices on sack coats were similar to the shoulder straps. They were sewn on the collars and consisted of oak leaves and bars, accompanied by a shield for all except engineers.
No major changes were introduced in the Revenue service uniform until 1891, when fashion again changed the look of military dress in general. New to the Revenue Service was the military tunic. This item had been introduced into the Navy in the 1870s and its type can still be seen at military academies. It is a tight-fitting, single-breasted coat with low-standing collar. The most distinctive characteristic is the fly-front, concealing the buttons. The Revenue Cutter Service version of this was dark blue with a trim of black mohair braid, one and one-quarter inch wide. Inside this was narrow silk braid edging. Grade designators were the same in number and width as the dress uniforms but in black braid. For summer, a white duck version was authorized, trimmed with linen braid. This was designated the service coat and was standard until around WWI. (Note that early in the 1890s, the service discarded the title Revenue Marine and Revenue Cutter Service became the official designation.)
Also in 1891 an optional full dress uniform for social occasions was authorized. This was cut away as was the full dress but with a rolling collar and five buttons worn with a low cut waistcoat, single-breasted with four revenue buttons. Worn without epaulettes or shoulder straps, this was similar to the formal tuxedo of civilian dress but with cuff braid and shield device on the sleeves.
The headgear of the 1891 regulations included a cocked hat of black beaver, with a cockade on the right side. For service and undress, a helmet was authorized. This was made of cork or other suitable material with a high crown and narrow brim. It was covered with light tan linen duck. This tropical helmet was similar to British colonial uniform headgear.
Petty officers were allowed a double-breasted coat with rolling collar. Cooks and stewards wore a single-breasted coat, but with rubber-like buttons rather than the revenue buttons of the double-breasted coat. Other enlisted personnel still retained the sailor suit of traditional design, complete with flat hat with its black ribbon hanging behind. The name of the wearer's vessel was in gilt around the front of the ribbon.
Rating badges were worn on the right coat sleeve. A boatswain wore crossed anchors; a gunner wore crossed gun barrels; a master-at-arms wore crossed keys over an anchor; a quartermaster wore crossed flags below a ship's wheel; a coxswain wore an arrow crossing an anchor; and an oiler wore a propeller.
In 1902, probably as the result of the service's cooperation with the navy during the Spanish American War, Revenue Cutter Service officers were given relative rank with naval officers. Three years later, new sleeve insignia were prescribed. Three stripes now indicated a captain: a narrow center stripe, with a half-inch wide stripe above and below. First lieutenants wore two-half inch stripes; second lieutenants, one stripe of half-inch braid below a quarter-inch stripe; and third lieutenants, one narrow stripe.
Video Game Design Careers Are Hot Due To Exploding Game Sales_46793
Video game sales are booming around the world. According to The NPD
Group, a market research organization that tracks computer and video game sales,
sales of video games and equipment for the games rose 31percent in July 2007,
when compared to sales in July 2006. In June of 2007 sales for video games were
$1.1 billion in the US alone, representing a dramatic 35 percent increase from
the previous month. NPD revealed that video game sales in Canada were $498
million in July 2007, a 61 percent rise over the same time the previous year.
These statistics show that a career in video game design is hot right now. The
market is exploding, and so are career options in the field.
A degree in video game design can literally help you shape whole worlds, worlds in which avid gamers will enjoy spending many hours in. Gamers love their games, and being able to create video game realms that appeal to this market is very rewarding. Top games have hordes of fans who discuss the games, create artwork in appreciation of their favorite games and even write about their favorite characters. By pursuing a career in this exciting field, you may literally not only be creating an entertainment product, but you may be changing someone�s life.
A video game design degree is also very exciting to pursue. As part of your degree, you will learn to create characters, build story lines, make entire virtual worlds, and much more. You will learn how to design games that gamers will adore and you will learn how to animate entire worlds of characters so that they look as realistic as possible. With today�s technology, there has never been a more exciting time to enter this field. The graphics are so advanced that only your own imagination is the limit for what you can create.
As you pursue your video game design degree, you will also learn about artistic design, project management, 3D modeling, and game content development. You will learn how to create digital content for your games. If you attend a quality school while pursuing your degree you will also get plenty of hands-on experience and help in developing your portfolio. That way, by the time you graduate you will not only have the skills and industry knowledge you need to land a great job, but you will have a portfolio to show prospective employers.
If you have always been creative and have loved creating art, now is a very exciting time to pursue a career in your field. Thanks to hot video game design jobs, you don�t have to be a starving artist. You can pursue your passion for art while landing excellent jobs. With systems such as PlayStation 2, Wii and Xbox generating plenty of media attention as well as many loyal customers, companies are on the lookout for hot new games for their systems. This means that there is a real need for talented and creative designers right now.
If you love games or love art and want to create entire virtual worlds, a career in video game design may be for you. There is a current demand for talented designers, so entering the field is easy if you have a good degree and a good portfolio. Enroll in a degree program that teaches you to build characters, stories, and worlds and learn the skills necessary for animation and you will have the knowledge you need for a great career. Pursue a degree with hands-on experience and portfolio building, and you will leave school prepared to attract employers to your skill.
A degree in video game design can literally help you shape whole worlds, worlds in which avid gamers will enjoy spending many hours in. Gamers love their games, and being able to create video game realms that appeal to this market is very rewarding. Top games have hordes of fans who discuss the games, create artwork in appreciation of their favorite games and even write about their favorite characters. By pursuing a career in this exciting field, you may literally not only be creating an entertainment product, but you may be changing someone�s life.
A video game design degree is also very exciting to pursue. As part of your degree, you will learn to create characters, build story lines, make entire virtual worlds, and much more. You will learn how to design games that gamers will adore and you will learn how to animate entire worlds of characters so that they look as realistic as possible. With today�s technology, there has never been a more exciting time to enter this field. The graphics are so advanced that only your own imagination is the limit for what you can create.
As you pursue your video game design degree, you will also learn about artistic design, project management, 3D modeling, and game content development. You will learn how to create digital content for your games. If you attend a quality school while pursuing your degree you will also get plenty of hands-on experience and help in developing your portfolio. That way, by the time you graduate you will not only have the skills and industry knowledge you need to land a great job, but you will have a portfolio to show prospective employers.
If you have always been creative and have loved creating art, now is a very exciting time to pursue a career in your field. Thanks to hot video game design jobs, you don�t have to be a starving artist. You can pursue your passion for art while landing excellent jobs. With systems such as PlayStation 2, Wii and Xbox generating plenty of media attention as well as many loyal customers, companies are on the lookout for hot new games for their systems. This means that there is a real need for talented and creative designers right now.
If you love games or love art and want to create entire virtual worlds, a career in video game design may be for you. There is a current demand for talented designers, so entering the field is easy if you have a good degree and a good portfolio. Enroll in a degree program that teaches you to build characters, stories, and worlds and learn the skills necessary for animation and you will have the knowledge you need for a great career. Pursue a degree with hands-on experience and portfolio building, and you will leave school prepared to attract employers to your skill.
Sunday, January 15, 2012
A Brief Introduction To Ammunition_48715
What do we mean by the term 揂mmunition?
The Encyclopaedia Britannica defines it as: The projectiles and propelling charges used in small arms, artillery, and other guns.
Microsoft Encarta defines it as: Ammunition includes high-explosive shells, anti-tank shells, smoke and signal shells, shells containing chemical agents, and shells with nuclear warheards. Shells filled with propaganda leaflets and shells that deliver vital medical supplies to isolated troops are also fired by cannon.
All of the above shows a remarkable ignorance of what ammunition really is, which is: All of those items that are filled or intended to be filled with explosives. All those items that are thrown, dropped, placed or projected with the intention of doing damage to a thing, place or person
These things are in any one of the following groups:
Small arms ammunition
Grenades
Mines, naval
Mines, land
Torpedoes
Rockets
Demolition explosives
Pyrotechnics
Bombs
Artillery
Propelling charges
Fuzes
Cartridge cases
And these groupings are very broad indeed encompassing several sub branches of the ammunition field.
Initially the ammunition field consisted of what isn抰 really considered to be ammunition at all, for example:
Rocks and Stones
Ammunition you ask? Yes! What did the ancient people throw at one another if not rocks and stones? What was loaded into the sling that was used to kill Goliath? A stone! What was dropped through the machicolations in castle walls? Stones and boiling oil and other horrible things that抯 what. What was hurled in the baskets of trebuchets? Big stones that抯 what. And someone had to select the stones and
give them a rough dressing to a round shape, or go around the river bank and select the right size stone for throwing or dropping. I contend that all these people in their own way were ammunition workers.
Arrows and Spears
Ammunition you ask? Yes! What did the ancient people fire at one another if not arrows? What did the ancients throw at one another if not spears? I contend that the ancient village blacksmith making arrows or spear heads was just as much an ammunition worker as Sadie the munitions worker at Woolwich in 1915. The ancient Fletcher putting flights on arrows was surely an ammunition worker.
Did not the Romans develop the one-shot spear, the pilum? It bent on impact and was useless for throwing back. Was this not an ammunition item with a great deal of thought put into its manufacture?
Quoits
Ammunition you ask? Yes! Did not the Sikhs use steel quoits with sharpened edges to hurl at the enemy? Each soldier carried half a dozen of these things and surely these must be considered ammunition!
Greek Fire
Ammunition you ask? Yes! These mixtures were designed to drench the enemy in fire, burn his ships, set fire to his buildings and generally discomfit his troops. Isn抰 this just an early version of incendiary ammunition? I believe so!
I think that where the definitions above err is in connecting the term ammunition and explosives together and making the assumption that ammunition is automatically explosive in some way.
For example would you describe an armour piercing shot consisting of a specially shaped piece of hardened steel as explosive? No, yet it is a piece of ammunition used extensively during WWII! Would you describe a long rod, fin stabilised armour piercing shot as explosive? No, yet it was destroying tanks at 2000metres in Iraq not so long ago.
During WWI the airmen used to drop small arrow shaped pieces of steel from great heights onto the troops below. They used the effects of gravity for their propulsion system. None of them were explosive but they certainly caused casualties. Surely these must be considered as ammunition!
Just where the connection between ammunition and explosives occurred is not a date but a gradual blending of two ideas.
It all commences somewhere in China where gunpowder was invented at a time and place unknown. The substance and its formula passed to Europe probably through the medium of the Spanish or Portuguese explorers. It was certainly known in Europe by 1326 as there are extant documents detailing the method of manufacture and some of its properties.
It is from this point that the story of ammunition becomes welded to explosives where it has remained ever since.
For the first 500 years gunpowder was the explosive and the propellant, it was the medium of fuzes and pyrotechnics. It provided vast amounts of entertainment via fireworks displays and, in later more enlightened times it provided huge nights of entertainment in Guy Fawkes memorials.
In the 19th century major movements began to take place in chemistry, metallurgy, optics and allied subjects. There began to take place huge movements in knowledge as people began to gain education and read more. Books proliferated, each book adding a small increment to the growing body of general knowledge.
All this added up to a great advance in the sciences of the time. This meant that suddenly new substances were being invented; old substances were being applied to new uses. And swiftly there appeared new explosives to be used along side the old and venerable gunpowder. But these new explosive were different not only in type but in kind. These new explosives didn抰 just explode they detonated.
The difference between detonation and explosion is chalk and cheese. They are vastly different phenomena. Now all of a sudden projectiles were being filled with these new explosives and were demonstrating wonderful new power and violence. So much so that within twenty years of the appearance of the new explosives, gunpowder was swept from the position of pre-eminence that it had held for 500 years. Mind you gunpowder is still with us and will probably never be completely dispensed with as it has some applications in which it is unmatched by any other substance.
The new explosives forced the explosives engineers to create a new branch of explosives, high explosives. The old gunpowder was relegated to the new position of, low explosive.
Amongst all of this new development was the creation of newer and better propellants. This was because the chemical engineers were learning more and more every day. Suddenly propellants could hurl projectiles great distances with an increase in accuracy hitherto undreamt of a scant decade before. The new metallurgy of the day made guns of vastly increased strength so that the new propellants could be utilised to the fullest. The 19th century began with gunners shooting at one another over open sights at ranges of one or two kilometres. It ended with them shooting at one another at twenty or thirty kilometres where they couldn抰 see each other. Later, in the next century the Germans developed guns that put projectiles into the edge of space and had to take into account the earths rotation while the projectile was in flight.
Serendipity played a part in the world of ammunition just as it does everywhere else. An engineer noticed that the name carved into a block of explosive was imprinted into the plate on which he was doing some experiments. This led to the development of hollow charge ammunition which gave unbelievable penetration of armour plate, making the tank a less formidable adversary.
Explosives now being more chemically stable could be stored for longer periods and in the case of things like mines they could be laid somewhere and confidently expect that some time in the future they would work as intended. The greater stability meant that great stocks could be put aside for future use thus providing an emergency reserve in time of peril.
All of these new explosives and ideas were applied to the ammunition field and a whole range of new items appeared and are still appearing today.
This is what most people mean when they say ammunition: the cartridges that are used in rifles, pistols, sub-machine guns and machine guns.
They are one of the following:
Ball: This name is a hangover from the days when the early weapons used a round ball as the projectile. With the advent of the pointed projectile the name stuck to them too even though they aren抰 a ball shape. Today they consist of a metal jacket with a lead core pressed inside.
Sometimes the core will be of other materials such as mild steel; this is purely a cost cutting measure.
Tracer: These are projectiles with a pyrotechnic element put in place of the core. During flight the element burns giving off either flame or smoke. The emission of these gives the gunner the ability to see where the projectiles are going and he or she can adjust their aim to hit the target. At close range they sometimes have an incendiary effect, but this isn抰 intended.
Armour Piercing: These are designed with a hardened steel or tungsten core. They are intended to defeat relatively thin armour plate such as the armoured seats of pilots or the light armour of armoured personnel carriers. They are very limited in what they will penetrate. There are version called semi-armour piercing, these are cartridges that have failed penetration tests but have been put into service with a reduced capability.
Incendiary:
These are designed to start fires in any flammable material in the target such as fuel tanks, magnesium components in aircraft etc. They are found in several basic types:
Ones filled with White Phosphorous
Ones filled with a pyrotechnic mixture and some sort of ignition system.
Ones filled with either of the above that are ignited on firing and burn on the way to the target.
Blank: These are designed to simulate the noise of a ball cartridge. They are used to train troops in fire and movement drills.They are found in several types:
All plastic bodies
All Brass bodies
Hybrids with a mixture of other materials including paper and wood bullets.
Drill or Dummy:
These are inert cartridges used to train troops in the safe handling of weapons. They are the same shape as a standard cartridge but they are marked as clearly as possible to be a drill type.
Grenade Launcher: These are designed to propel grenades from the end of service rifles. These are also very clearly marked to show their intended purpose.
Grenades
The hand grenade has a long and distinguished career. It originated in the siege warfare of yesteryear but when more mobile warfare came into being they dropped out of favour. Their resurgence came about in WWI when the horrible trench warfare demanded a means of getting at troops in protected bunkers and trenches. The grenade was the answer and since that time they have been part of every soldier抯 equipment.
The come in a variety of styles the main types being:
Anti-Personal:
These are of two types the defensive and the offensive
The defensive is designed to be thrown from under cover because its fragmentation pattern is lethal over a fairly large area. This area is wider than the thrower can throw it. This means he or she is in the lethal area if using them in the offensive sense.
The offensive is designed to be thrown by the user when he or she is in the open. The lethal range is very small, in some cases being only 4 or 5 metres. In most cases these grenades use only blast as their main effect.
Some grenades are designed to be both, being provided with only a blast effect for offensive work and a fragmentation sleeve for use when defending. The thrower puts on the fragmentation sleeve as and when the circumstances dictate.
All anti-personnel grenades are about ?a kilo in weight and almost all have a high explosive filling with a time fuze to control its detonation. Most of them today have a smooth body with the fragmentation embedded in a matrix inside.
Anti-Tank: These are designed to attack tanks and are almost all provided with a hollow charge. Some are provided with a very large high explosive charge to attain the same result. It is a bit difficult to throw these heavy grenades any great distance. Many of these types are launched from service rifles, meaning that the operator can tackle tanks at a reasonably safe distance. Some of the early versions were designed to be attached to the tank by means of a sticky substance, a very dangerous exercise.
Smoke: These are designed for several purposes and these are signalling and screening.
Signalling grenades are filled with a compound that produces a coloured smoke when burned. The colour can be varied. In emergencies these types can also be used a screening smoke although they are not as efficient in this respect.
Screening smoke grenades are designed to produce a large volume of smoke for the purposes of screening your movements from observation by the enemy. They can also be used as a signalling medium.
Some of these screening smoke grenades are filled with White Phosphorus that has a very strong incendiary characteristic although not intended as such.
Incendiary: These grenades are designed to destroy targets by fire and they are usually filled with Thermite or some other incendiary material. They burn with an exceedingly hot flame sufficient to melt the best of steels. They can under the right circumstances be used in the anti-personnel role although not intended as such.
Practice: These grenades are designed to replicate the functioning of the standard anti-personnel grenades with the exception that they have a very small gunpowder charge that provides no lethal fragmentation. They are designed for use over and over again, each time being recharged and re-fuzed. They are very clearly marked as to being a practice item.
Dummy: These are designed to replicate the anti-personnel grenade in all respects except that they have no explosive components and are used purely to train troops in the safe handling and throwing of grenades.
Artillery Ammunition
Artillery has come a long way from the days of the round cannon ball, a heap of gunpowder and a crude cannon being fired by a hot stick.
Today we have a range of projectiles with specific targets in mind and these are:
High Explosives: This is the standard projectile fired by most artillery pieces. It is filled with high explosive and is designed to attack personnel, materiel, bunkers and trench
systems. It achieves its aims via two effects and these are:
Fragmentation
Blast.
Fragmentation is achieved by designing the body so that it splinters into the optimum size range.
Blast accompanies the bursting of the body into fragments.
Armour Piercing: Armour piercing shells come in two types and these are:
Kinetic Energy Projectiles:
Armour piercing (AP)
Armour piercing capped (APC)
Armour piercing capped ballistic capped (APCBC)
Armour piercing discarding sabot (APDS)
Armour piercing fin stabilised discarding sabot (APFSDS)
These are designed to attack armour plate whether it is on a tank or a ship using only the energy gained from high velocity. They consist of a very hard core protected at the point by what are called penetrative caps and another cap provided to give the projectile a nice ballistic shape. APDS gains great velocity by providing a carrier for the hard core that falls away at the muzzle leaving just the core to fly to the target. APFSDS are the latest versions and are known as magic bullets. They use tungsten carbide as the metal or sometimes depleted Uranium. They possess very high velocity and, being very thin the penetration is very deep. In the case of depleted Uranium there is an added benefit in that the depleted Uranium is Pyrophoric which means it gives off great showers of sparks and flame on impact.
Chemical Energy Projectiles:
High explosive Anti-tank (HEAT) - these use the clever stratagem of shaping the explosive charge to concentrate the explosive energy in one spot. This gives an enormous increase in penetration.
High explosive squash Head (HESH or HEP) - These utilize the phenomena of shock wave reflection in armour plate to cause large pieces of the inner face to break off and fly round inside the vehicle. They can be easily defeated by providing plates of metal hanging on the outside of the tank which is destroyed by the HESH shell but in doing so they protect the tank from the attack.
It should be noted that any one of these projectile provides a very large danger area around the outside of the target because the blast is quite large. The fragmentation is minimal as they aren抰 designed to provide fragmentation.
Carrier Projectiles:
There are a variety of these such as:
Smoke Shell
Star shell
Illumination
Propaganda
Smoke shell: These carry canisters of smoke composition that are ignited and expelled by a time fuze at a predetermined time. They are designed to produce coloured smoke at the target area for marking purposes, to provide screening effects for troop movements etc.
Star shell: These carry pyrotechnic stars that are ignited and ejected at some time in the flight of the shell so that the stars fall to earth as a signal.
Illumination: These carry a reasonably large pyrotechnic device attached to a parachute. Using a time fuze the illumination candle is ignited and expelled at a predetermined time and the parachute slowly lowers the candle to the earth. During its descent to the ground it provides illumination over a large area for observation purposes.
Propaganda: These carry propaganda leaflets in tightly packed bundles. Using a time fuze they expel the leaflets over the enemy lines.
It should be noted that all of the above projectiles carry an added hazard in that the empty body after ejecting its contents represents a lethal piece of steel. They fall to earth from a great height with lots of remaining velocity and as a result can and do cause casualties.
Mortar Projectiles: These are the only remaining muzzle loading artillery in use today. They are designed to attack troops in deep trenches and fortifications and behind natural obstacles such as hills. They fire a projectile at a large angle so that it comes to earth in a plunging manner. They fire the following types:
High Explosives:
These are designed and operate in the same manner as a normal artillery shell.
Smoke Projectiles: Once again designed and operate as for a normal artillery shell
Illumination: Exactly the same as the artillery version.
Mines
These are found in two very distinct families: Naval mines and Land mines.
Naval Mines
Naval mines are those mines laid in water and are all designed to attack ships. All of them use large high explosive charges to achieve their effect. They come in a variety of types:
Drifting
Moored
Antennae mine
Land Mines
Land mines are found in two distinct families: Anti-personnel and Anti-tank. Anti-personnel are designed to attack the soldier and are usually small, easily concealed and intended to wound more than kill. They come in several types and these are:
Simple
anti-personnel: These are designed to function when stepped on and simply explode causing damage to the victim.
Bounding type: These are designed to spring out of the ground prior to exploding. They are provided with extra fragmentation so that not only the person tripping the mine is injured but some of the people in the vicinity are also injured by the large spread of fragments.
Anti-tank: Anti-tank mines are designed to attack tanks and other vehicles. They are large, harder to conceal and usually have a large explosive charge. Their anti-personnel effect is quite large in addition to their main role.
Most anti-tank mines rely on a large high explosive charge to attack the underbelly of a tank where the armour is the thinnest. The large charge can also be expected to damage the track system of the tank thus rendering it immobile. Anti-tank minefields are normally sown with anti-personnel mines to provide a nuisance value to the minefield.
Anti-tank mines come in several varieties and these are;
Off route mine:
These are designed to be placed in such a manner at to attack the side of a tank when the tank runs over a firing mechanism situated on the expected path of the tank.
Hollow charge mines: These utilise the penetrative qualities of the hollow charge to attack the thin belly of the tank. They are quite often provided with a rod to operate the fuze mechanism thus ensuring the belly is attacked. Should the track run over the mine then it will still operate and destroy the track system.
Torpedoes
Torpedoes are designed to attack ships by either striking the ship directly or exploding beneath the ship. Those that strike the ship utilise the effect of a large quantity of explosives detonating against the steel plates of the ship and letting in the water. Those that explode beneath the ship utilise the effect of suddenly taking away the supporting water from beneath the ship, this action causes the weight of the ship to break its own keel. They come in several varieties today and these are:
Acoustic
Acoustic torpedoes come in two types active and passive:
Active generates a sound that it can read when it bounces back from a target
Passive has a receiver that picks up the sounds generated by the target itself. The signals in both cases is amplified and used to close an electric circuit.
Wire guided
Wire guided torpedoes are attached to the launching platform by a wire system thatenables the torpedo to be guided to its target. In modern terminology the type of torpedo that does its own searching is called a 揊ire and forget?
Torpedoes are also characterised by the method of launching;
Air launched
Submarine launched
Ship launched
Demolition Explosives:
These items are the application of explosives to perform various demolition tasks. They come in a vast number of shapes, sizes and explosives. Some of the types to be encountered are:
Explosive charges
Timing fuzes
Instantaneous fuzes
Detonating cords
Detonators
Matches for igniting fuzes
Explosive Charges: These are designed to be placed in such a way as to destroy some object. They vary from charges as small as 35 grammes to some weighing many tonnes. They come in blocks, cylinders, flat sheets, curved blocks, long strips and the favourite of movie directors, Plastic malleable material. Some specialist charges are made up into lead hollow charges for use in cutting the locks out of doors or clearing a window out of the way for quick entry. Many of them are contained in light tinned plate canisters; some are placed in cardboard boxes. Lots of them are waterproofed so that they may be put in place for demolition at a later date.
Timing Fuzes:
These are designed for use with detonators and are used to allow the demolition expert to get away from the area when the charge explodes. They consist of a core of compressed gunpowder encased in a waterproof outer covering. The gunpowder core is compressed to a known density that gives a constant burning rate, which permits accurate timing of the moment of explosion.
Instantaneous Fuzes:
These are made to the same style as timing fuzes but the rate of burning has been adjusted so that their action is very rapid. The speed is usually around 30 metres a second. They are typically used in booby traps so that the victim has no time to react to his or her error.
Detonation Chords: These are long thin cords with a core of high explosive with a very high velocity of detonation, usually of the order of 9 kilometres a second. That抯 right 9000 metres a second. They are used to connect multiple charges together
so that virtually instantaneous detonation of all the charges is achieved. Short pieces can be used in booby traps to provide even less time for the charge to explode.
Detonators: These are very small containers filled with a very sensitive high explosive. They are designed to accept the flash from timing fuze and converting that flash into a detonation for exploding a demolition charge. They come in two types:
Non-Electric: These are a simple tube, usually of aluminium with a small quantity of explosives pressed in the bottom of the tube. The top layer is a sensitive primary explosive such as fulminate of mercury the bottom layer is a less sensitive explosive such as CE. The flash from the timing fuze is picked up by the top layer and transferred into a detonation.
Electric: These operate in the same manner except that the flash is provided by a match head inside the detonator tube. The initiation of the match head is caused by an electric current. Thereafter all the events are the same. The electric detonator provides the ability to build in a delay element so that explosives used in mining operations can be exploded in tightly controlled sequences.
Matches: These are special matches that are designed to burn for a longer time than is found in your normal household match. They are recognisable by their very large heads. There are versions that are called 揗atches fuzee?and these are a very large match indeed. They are designed to burn for quite a long time, in some cases for 5 minutes or so. They permit the demolition person to ignite timing fuzes at widely spaced intervals without the necessity of lighting a match at each site.
Bombs
All bombs are measured not only by their role but by weight. For example a General purpose bomb can be 20kg, 100kg, and 250kg all the way up to 2000kg. They also can be expressed in terms of capacity thus a high explosive bomb can be classed as a high capacity by virtue of the fact that the case has been reduced to the minimum weight possible and the filling as a result is a large percentage of the overall weight. For example during WWII the British discovered that a bomb doesn抰 need a big strong case, nor a streamline one so they developed the 1814kg 揅ookie?then some bright individual decided to hood two of them together thus creating the 3628kg 揝uper cookie? Needless to say someone finally said 揕ets hook three of them together to make a 揝uper, super cookie?this was done and they were called 揃lockbusters?
High Explosive Bombs
These come in a variety of types viz;
General purpose: These are designed with a view to providing adequate blast with some fragmentation effect. They are used for general purpose bombing of troops and buildings, for attacking oil refineries, transport systems etc. They consist of a high explosive filling inside a steel case that is streamlined and provided with a set of stabilising fins. They can be found in weights up to 3628kg.
High Capacity: These are designed to possess a larger blast effect at the expense of fragmentation. They are used to attack factories, canals, refineries and any other target that is susceptible to blast damage. They are usually not streamlined.
Deep penetration: These are designed to penetrate as far as possible into the earth before exploding. They are therefore very heavy, very streamlined and have a good quality steel body. They are large so that the filling has a good charge weight ratio. The great historical versions of these are the British medium capacity 5443kg 揟allboy?and the 10,886kg 揋rand Slam?used during WWII.
Historically of course the idea of a deep penetration bomb surfaced again in Iraq when the Americans discovered that the Iraqi抯 were hiding in deep bunkers. The Americans took some old naval gun barrels and made bombs out of them with a long delay fuze and good streamlining they were able to reach the hiding people.
Incendiary: These are filled with some very flammable material and a light case fitted with a bursting charge designed to rupture the case and scatter the filling thus setting fire to the target. During WWII it was discovered that if you dropped large explosive bombs first and then incendiaries later the explosive bombs would de-roof buildings and let in the incendiaries, which operated more efficiently.
Flare: These are designed to produce a large light to illuminate an area so that aerial photography may be carried out. These are sometimes called 揚hotoflash?
Target Indicators:
These are designed to be dropped on the ground in the vicinity of your target to indicate to the bomber force just where to drop their bombs. They consist of a large quantity of flare material with a long burning time and a distinct colour.
Nuclear bombs:
These come in two basic types Nuclear and Thermonuclear the difference being that nuclear uses conventional explosives to bring together two pieces of fissionable material of carefully selected weight. Neither of the two is near critical mass, but bringing them together exceeds the critical mass and they begin a chain reaction resulting in nuclear fission.
Thermonuclear on the other hand uses a nuclear bomb to cause a mass of hydrogen to be squeezed together thus creating a miniature fusion reactor that proceeds to a fusion reaction.
Propelling Charges
These are those explosives that are used to drive projectiles from weapons and as such are low explosives. They come in many variations but the major groups are:
Single Base - made from nitrocellulose only
Double Base - made from Nitrocellulose and Nitroglycerine
Triple Base - Nitrocellulose, Nitroglycerine and Guanidine
The groupings are based on the basic ingredients used to make the propellant. In addition propellants are graded in accordance with their shape thus:
Cordite is made in long spaghetti shaped pieces and much beloved of crime writers as each weapon that is fired leaves the odour of cordite in the air. The problem is that cordite hasn抰 been made for years.
Flake is made in little squares.
Tubular is made in hollow tubes
Multi-tubular is made in cord like pieces with several perforations through it.
Some rocket propellants are made in odd shapes like stars or cogged wheels.
In addition propellants are graded in accordance with their place of manufacture or the added ingredients thus;Waltham Abbey ModifiedCordite MD (Cordite with mineral detergent added)
Fuzes
A fuze is a lock that requires very special forces to open. These forces are;
A very violent acceleration from a standing start
A very high rate of spin
A huge push on the base
A gradual retardation in flight
A massive retardation on impact or graze with the ground.
A close approach to a target.
Not all of these forces are required for each individual fuze, some use all of them some use only one
or two. Fuzes come in various types and these are:
Artillery
Mortar
Bomb
Grenade
Mine
They are characterised by position and by function for example:
Point initiated, base detonated
Point detonated, super quick.
They are characterised by type.
Direct impact: These fuzes are designed to function on impact with the target. The problem soon
discovered was that they won’t work if they land on their edge.
Direct impact and graze: These are designed to overcome the problem mentioned above. They
have some mechanism that senses the side impact and operates the fuze
as though it had struck the target squarely.
Combustion time: These use gunpowder to burn in a very controlled manner to time an amount of
flight time.
Time and percussion: These combine the elements of combustion timing with an impact element.
They are designed to ensure that if the timing element fails then the impact
will work and vice-versa.
Mechanical time: These are made with a clockwork mechanism that carries out the timing
functions of the time combustion fuze.
Proximity: These fuzes are sometimes called 揤ariable time fuzes? They are in fact a miniature radio transmitter and receiver that measures the distance from a target and, at the optimum distance it detonates the shell.
Adiabatic: These fuzes operate on the principle of the diesel stroke heating a column of air so that it ignites a detonator which burns to detonation. The great problem is that they don抰 function well on soft ground or water, as the diesel stroke doesn抰 get a chance to get into stride.
Fuzes characterised by application:
Mortar fuzes: These are different in that the mortar isn抰 rifled so the fuze doesn抰 have the violent spin used by artillery fuzes. They use a clever device called a 揃ore riding pin?this is a spring loaded pin that holds safety devices in place while the mortar round is in the bore, but they are released when the pin flies out when it leaves the bore. Mortar fuzes are generally simpler than artillery fuzes as they are limited in the number of dynamic forces available.
Aerial bomb fuzes:
These fuzes don抰 have any of the violent forces used in artillery fuzes so they use wire safety devices to prevent the fuzes from arming until the moment of dropping. To carry out the arming process once the bomb leaves the aircraft they use little propellers to wind safety devices out of alignment or move other components into alignment with explosives trains. Aerial bombs are characterised by position:
Nose fuzed
Tail fuzed
Grenade fuzes: These are usually of the time combustion type. They don抰 use any violent forces but use simple mechanical devices to retain a striker system until the moment the thrower releases the grenade. Some grenades use the simple burning fuze system whereby the fuze is ignited by a percussion element. Particularly the Japanese type 91 where the thrower struck the fuze against any hard surface which started the fuze burning.
They were originally of the impact type but these proved very dangerous in trenches as the thrower could accidentally strike the grenade on the rear wall of a trench. The advent of the time combustion fuze made throwing grenades a much safer proposition.
Mine fuzes: These come in two varieties applied to their respective mines, land and naval.
Land mine fuzes: These come in two varieties Anti-tank and Anti-personnel.
Anti-tank fuzes: These are designed to be operated by a very heavy vehicle of truck or tank dimensions. They usually rely on very strong springs and shear wires to provide the safety after laying. Typically they require pressures in the region of 150 to 200 kilogrammes to make the fuze work.
Anti-personnel: Anti-personnel mine fuze are almost always quite small and require only low pressures to operate. Typically around 10 to 30 kilogrammes. Some of these fuzes are designed to cause the mine to be ejected from the ground before detonation.
Naval mine fuzes: These come in two basic types;
Contact - these operate on the simple procedure of the ship striking a device filled with acid and other chemicals that are mixed by the impact thus creating an electrical system that explodes a detonator. These devices are called 揌erz horns?
Influence - These devices are found in various types and some of these are:
Magnetic - magnetic influence fuzes operate by sensing the magnetic field of the ship and causing a needle to move and make contact with an electrical circuit.
Pressure - pressure type fuzes use the pressure wave in water generated by a ship under way. The pressure wave is used to move a sensitive mechanical device thus closing and electrical switch.
Accoustic - acoustic mine fuzes operate by picking up the sound of a ships engines, propellers and general hull noises, amplifying the signal and using it to close an electrical circuit.
Cartidges, cases and bags
These are the containers for holding the propellant charges that drive the projectiles in artillery, mortar, anti-submarine and engine starter ammunition. They come in two groups and these are;
Cartridge cases
Charge bags
Cartridge cases are usually made from brass, although they may be encountered in steel, plastic or a combination of all three. They come in a huge range of shapes and sizes and they are usually characterised by the calibre of the projectile they are used with and the length of the case. In addition the type of rim is specified also.
For example a 37mm case in described as 37x223R, which indicates that it is 37mm in calibre, the case length is 223 mm and it is rimmed.
Some of these cartridge cases are immense requiring machinery to handle. These types are usually restricted to use on board ships where weight factors are not an insurmountable problem.
Charge bags are made usually from cloth of some type. They are fitted with an igniter on the base to ensure full ignition of the charge. The materials are selected with several conflicting requirements in mind. They must be strong, cheap and leave no burning residue in the barrel. As can be imagined there are very few materials that meet these stringent requirements. Mostly serge and silk are used.
Much use is being made of plastic especially in mortar propellant increments.
It is to be noted that the subject of ammunition is immense and is still in the process of being created. It is too large to explain in any meaningful way in a brief introduction. But the above is a rough guide to ammunition. Much has been left out for space reasons.
Written by: Ammunition Pages - Ammunitions of the World for collectors, historians and general enthusiasts alike.
Download the original article and more like it at http://www.ammunitionpages.com/
Introducing the Chanel J12 Watch Collection10
Discover all the Chanel J12 Keep an eye on Arranged
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All the Works of art
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